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Ethnic and Racial Identity During Adolescence and Into Young Adulthood: An Integrated Conceptualization

Abstract:

Although ethnic and racial identity (ERI) are central to the normative development of youth of color, there have been few efforts to bring scholars together to discuss the theoretical complexities of these constructs and provide a synthesis of existing work. The Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group was assembled for this purpose. This article provides an overview of the interface of ERI with developmental and contextual issues across development, with an emphasis on adolescence and young adulthood. It proposes a metaconstruct to capture experiences that reflect both individuals’ ethnic background and their racialized experiences in a specific sociohistorical context. Finally, it presents milestones in the development of ERI across developmental periods.

Parental Ethnic Racial Socialization and Psychosocial Outcomes among Black Adolescents of Different Ethnic Subcategories

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Ethnic-racial socialization is defined as the communication of parents’ worldviews regarding race and ethnicity to their children (Hughes et al.,2003). Several research studies have focused on the ethnic-racial socialization of Black youth, under the assumption that the Black race is homogeneous. This view offers little insight into whether these socialization messages function differently for subgroups of Black respondents. Therefore, this study assessed the effect of ethnic-racial socialization messages on the psychosocial outcomes of Black adolescents from three ethnic subgroups: Black/African-American, Black/Other country of origin, and Black/Biracial. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that frequent parental messages of cultural socialization were associated with stronger ethnic identity for all youth regardless of gender, parent education, or perceived school ethnic diversity. However, the analysis also revealed that Black/Biracial adolescents who received frequent messages of cultural socialization reported less favorable perceptions of teacher racial climate compared to Black/African-American adolescents.

The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Parental Ethnic-Racial Socialization: A Scoping Review of Research

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Over the past 35 years, ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) has been a widely studied topic in psychological and cultural research. Most popular among the populations that ERS research centers are Black/African American families and youth. However, a small, but emerging body of research on the ERS processes of other racial/ethnic groups suggest that ERS is not limited to Black/African American families. Recently, scholars have begun to ask more critical questions regarding the differential effects of ethnic-racial socialization on non-Black youth’s psychological development. Therefore, the current review of research draws together studies on Black/African American, Biracial, Latinx, Asian American, and White American families to demonstrate the role of racial/ethnic group identification in soliciting the exchange of ERS messages from parents to children. The methodology used to execute this review follows a modified framework which includes four key phases of searching and selecting appropriate studies. From three multidisciplinary and psychological databases, 24 studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria set by the researcher. The studies discussed in this scoping review all revealed how racial/ethnic group identification solicits the exchange of ERS messages from parents to children in some way.

Welfare recipients communicated pathways to resilience during stigma and material hardship in the heartland of America

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When individuals and families experience material hardship, government assistance programs and community services are there to help. The use of government assistance programs in the United States is highly stigmatized due to neoliberal ideology. The present study centers the lived experiences of those who have experienced material hardship and had firsthand experience with public assistance programs. This phronetic research study analyzed 27 semi-structured interviews with welfare recipients to explore how they used communication to cultivate resilience in response to material hardship and adversity. The findings of this study demonstrate the connection between communication behaviors and resilient reintegration. Resilient communication behaviors included the use of a communication network and the construction of occupational and familial identity anchors. When participants lacked resilient communication behaviors, they faced more isolation. This study points to the importance of communication as a resilience process in response to material hardship and neoliberal stigma.

Coping with Gendered Racial Microaggressions among Black Women College Students

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In this study, we explored the strategies that Black women use to cope with gendered racial microaggressions, or the subtle and everyday verbal, behavioral, and environmental expressions of oppression based on the intersection of one’s race and gender. A total of 17 Black women undergraduate, graduate, and professional students participated in one of two semi-structured focus group interviews. Results from dimensional analysis indicated five coping strategies: two resistance coping strategies (i.e., Using One’s Voice as Power, Resisting Eurocentric Standards), one collective coping strategy (i.e., Leaning on One’s Support Network), and two self-protective coping strategies (i.e., Becoming a Black Superwoman, Becoming Desensitized and Escaping). The theme of Picking and Choosing One’s Battles was also uncovered as a process whereby participants made deliberate decisions about when and how to address the microaggressions they experienced. Findings indicated that Black women used a combination of coping strategies depending on contextual factors, which supports and extends previous research. Implications and directions for future research in the field of African American studies are discussed.

Outsiders-Within-Library and Information Science: Reprioritizing the Marginalized in Critical Sociocultural Work

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While there are calls for new paradigms within the profession, there are also existing subgenres that fit this bill if they would be fully acknowledged. This essay argues that underrepresented and otherwise marginalized scholars have already produced significant work within social, cultural, and community-oriented paradigms; social justice and advocacy; and, diversity, equity, and inclusion. This work has not been sufficiently valued or promoted. Furthermore, the surrounding structural conditions have resulted in the dismissal, violently reviewed and rejected, and erased work of underrepresented scholars, and the stigmatization and delegitimization of their work. These scholars are “outsiders-within-LIS.” By identifying the outsiders-within-LIS through the frame of standpoint theories, the authors are suggesting that a new paradigm does not need to be created; rather, an existing paradigm needs to be recognized and reprioritized. This reprioritized paradigm of critical sociocultural work has and will continue to creatively enrich and expand the field and decolonize LIS curricula.

Deconstructing and Reconstructing Language, Race, and Power Relations in a Secondary Classroom in the United States

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Deconstructing and Reconstructing Language, Race, and Power Relations in a Secondary Classroom in the United States
Deconstructing and Reconstructing Language, Race, and Power Relations in a Secondary Classroom in the United States
Revista Linguagem em Foco

In classrooms, teachers explicitly and implicitly engage students in exploring the language ideologies that influence their attitudes about language variation and race relations. The case study reported here uses detailed ethnographically informed discourse analysis to examine how the instructional conversations in a secondary language arts classroom invited students to reflect on, deconstruct, and reconstruct language ideologies that influenced how they viewed language use and race relations. We employed a microethnographic, discourse analytic frame, informed by interactional sociolinguistics, critical race theory and raciolinguistics to analyze the instructional conversation. The analysis made visible how the instructional conversation guided students’ deconstruction and reconstruction of language variation through positioning one another to question linguistic binaries, linkages between language ideologies and racial hierarchies, and language ideologies that lack grounding in their own everyday language experiences. The findings also show that the students’ own social identities were implicated in the language ideologies they held, deconstructed, and reconstructed.

Procedural Fairness as a Component of Legality : is a Reconciliation Between Albutt and Masetlha Possible?

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In Albutt v Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation 2010 (3) SA 293 (CC) the Constitutional Court expanded the concept of legality. It did so by finding that rationality, as a component of legality, required that the victims of politically motivated crimes had first to be afforded a hearing before the President could exercise his power to pardon prisoners who had been found guilty of committing these crimes, and who had not sought amnesty from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (‘TRC’). The effect of Albutt is that the principle of legality is now capable of imposing procedural-fairness standards on the exercise of public power where it would be irrational not to do so, regardless of whether the exercise of such power amounts to administrative action in terms of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (‘PAJA’). Surprisingly, the Constitutional Court held that it was ‘not necessary’ to determine whether the exercise of the President’s pardoning power amounts to administrative action in terms of the PAJA (Albutt para 83).

Collagen Oligomers Modulate Physical and Biological Properties of Three-Dimensional Self-Assembled Matrices

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Elucidation of mechanisms underlying collagen fibril assembly and matrix-induced guidance of cell fate will contribute to the design and expanded use of this biopolymer for research and clinical applications. Here, we define how Type I collagen oligomers affect in-vitro polymerization kinetics as well as fibril microstructure and mechanical properties of formed matrices. Monomers and oligomers were fractionated from acid-solubilized pig skin collagen and used to generate formulations varying in monomer/oligomer content or average polymer molecular weight (AMW). Polymerization half-times decreased with increasing collagen AMW and closely paralleled lag times, indicating that oligomers effectively served as nucleation sites. Furthermore, increasing AMW yielded matrices with increased interfibril branching and had no correlative effect on fibril density or diameter. These microstructure changes increased the stiffness of matrices as evidenced by increases in both shear storage and compressive moduli. Finally, the biological relevance of modulating collagen AMW was evidenced by the ability of cultured endothelial colony forming cells to sense associated changes in matrix physical properties and alter vacuole and capillary-like network formation. This work documents the importance of oligomers as another physiologically-relevant design parameter for development and standardization of polymerizable collagen formulations to be used for cell culture, regenerative medicine, and engineered tissue applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 95: 77–93, 2011.

Community-Informed Models of Perinatal and Reproductive Health Services Provision: A Justice-Centered Paradigm Toward Equity Among Black Birthing Communities

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Perinatal health outcomes in the United States continue to worsen, with the greatest burden of inequity falling on Black birthing communities. Despite transdisciplinary literature citing structural racism as a root cause of inequity, interventions continue to be mostly physician-centered models of perinatal and reproductive healthcare (PRH). These models prioritize individual, biomedical risk identification and stratification as solutions to achieving equity, without adequately addressing the social and structural determinants of health. The objective of this review is to: (1) examine the association between the impact of structural and obstetric racism and patient-centered access to PRH, (2) define and apply reproductive justice (RJ) as a framework to combat structural and obstetric racism in PRH, and (3) describe and demonstrate how to use an RJ lens to critically analyze physician-led and community-informed PRH models. We conclude with recommendations for building a PRH workforce whose capacity is aligned with racial equity. Institutional alignment with a RJ praxis creates opportunities for advancing PRH workforce diversification and development and improving PRH experiences and outcomes for our patients, communities, and workforce.