Article Database

The Good and Bad of It All: Professional Black Male Basketball Players as Role Models for Young Black Male Basketball Players

Abstract:

It is a generally accepted belief, affirmed in the media, that professional Black male basketball players from the National Basketball Association serve as role models for young Black males. Very little empirical evidence, however, is available about how the young men think about these relationships. Using the concept of role model from social learning theory as a lens, I analyze interview data drawn from a convenience sample of 19 young Black men who participated in high school basketball to investigate the idea of “professional Black male basketball players as role models.” I find that young men do not necessarily accept the “good/bad” role-model dichotomy presented in the media, but rather, they are discerning in their acceptance and rejection of certain role-model attitudes and behaviors.

Living Through the Hoop: High School Basketball, Race, and the American Dream

Abstract:

When high school basketball player LeBron James was selected as the top pick in the National Basketball Association draft of 2003, the hopes of a half-million high school basketball players soared. If LeBron could go straight from high school to the NBA, why couldn’t they? Such is the allure of basketball for so many young African American men. Unfortunately, the reality is that their chances of ever playing basketball at the professional, or even college, level are infinitesimal. In Living Through the Hoop, Reuben A. Buford May tells the absorbing story of the hopes and struggles of one high school basketball team. With a clear passion for the game, May grabs readers with both hands and pulls them onto the hardwood, going under the hoop and inside the locker room. May spent seven seasons as an assistant coach of the Northeast High School Knights in Northeast, Georgia. We meet players like Larique and Pooty Cat, hard-working and energetic young men, willing to play and practice basketball seven days a week and banking on the unlimited promise of the game. And we meet Coach Benson, their unorthodox, out-spoken, and fierce leader, who regularly coached them to winning seasons, twice going to the state tournaments Elite Eight championships. Beyond the wins and losses, May provides a portrait of the players’ hopes and aspirations, their home lives, and the difficulties they face in living in a poor and urban area – namely, the temptations of drugs and alcohol, violence in their communities, run-ins with the police, and unstable family lives. We learn what it means to become a man when you live in places that define manhood by how tough you can be, how many women you can have, and how much money you can hustle. May shows the powerful role that the basketball team can play in keeping these kids straight, away from street-life, focused on completing high school, and possibly even attending college. Their stories, and the double-edged sword of hoop dreams, is at the heart of this compelling story about young African American men’s struggle to find their way in an often grim world.

The Sticky Situation of Sportsmanship: Contexts and Contradictions in Sportsmanship among High School Boys Basketball Players

Abstract:

This article makes a substantive contribution to our understanding of youth and sport participation by exploring the interrelated ways in which situational contexts influence sportsmanship in competitive high school boys basketball. The author uses ethnographic data gathered while he was an assistant coach of boys varsity basketball, at a predominantly African American high school, and a social constructionist approach to demonstrate how players and coaches mediate notions of sportsmanship through the contexts of the game, coaches’ philosophy regarding player conduct, and the everyday social reality of the athletes. The players’ use of contexts to define appropriate sportsmanlike behavior creates a dilemma or “sticky situation” in which the young men must weigh the often-contradictory goals of winning against shifting definitions of sportsmanship. The author discusses the implications of the complex nature of sportsmanship and competitive youth sport.

Talking at Trena’s: Everyday Conversations at an African American Tavern

Abstract:

Talking at Trena’s is an ethnography conducted in a bar in an African American, middle-class neighborhood on Chicago’s southside. May’s work focuses on how the mostly black, working-and middle-class patrons of Trena’s talk about race, work, class, women, relationships, the media, and life in general. May recognizes tavern talk as a form of social play and symbolic performace within the tavern, as well as an indication of the social problems African Americans confront on a daily basis. Following a long tradition of research on informal gathering places, May’s work reveals, though close description and analysis of ethnographic data, how African Americans come to understand the racial dynamics of American society which impact their jobs, entertainment—particularly television programs—and their social interactions with peers, employers, and others. Talking at Trena’s provides a window into the laughs, complaints, experiences, and strategies which Trena’s regulars share for managing daily life outside the safety and comfort of the tavern.

Do You See What I See? Examining a Collaborative Ethnography

Abstract:

Although there are increasing examples of collaborative ethnography, there are few explicit reflections on its process. The authors systematically juxtapose their jointly collected but separately recorded observations in a neighborhood recreation center in Chicago to examine points of similarity and difference. They find that collaborative ethnography can be useful for providing a richer description, highlighting perceptual inconsistencies, and recognizing the influence of ethnographers’ personal and intellectual backgrounds on the collection and recording of data. The authors’ reflexive analysis also illustrates that the choice of collaborators is key for influencing the depth or breadth of the data collected. Finally, they show that there is neither one truth, nor one reality, nor one stable social world to observe.

Ursodeoxycholic Acid Versus Phenobarbital for Cholestasis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Abstract:

Background: Although neonates and young infants with cholestasis are commonly treated with either phenobarbital or ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodiol), there is no evidence that phenobarbital is effective for this indication. Our objective was to compare the effectiveness of ursodiol and phenobarbital for the treatment of cholestasis in a diverse NICU population.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study including infants with cholestasis who were admitted to a Level IV NICU between January 2010 and December 2015. Drug courses of phenobarbital and ursodiol were identified within the medical record, and medical, demographic, and drug information were extracted. The primary outcome was reduction in direct bilirubin.

Results: Sixty-eight infants provided a total of 112 courses of drug therapy for comparison. Diverse medical diagnoses were captured in the patient cohort. Ursodiol was significantly more effective in reducing direct bilirubin than was phenobarbital (- 1.89 vs + 0.76 mg/dL; – 33.33 vs + 13.0 umol/L, p-value 0.03), even after controlling for baseline cholestasis severity, intrauterine growth restriction status, and lipid lowering therapy (- 2.16 vs + 0.27 mg/dl; – 36.94 vs + 4.62 umol/L, p-value 0.03). There was no improvement in direct bilirubin in the majority of infants treated with phenobarbital.

Conclusions: Phenobarbital, as compared to ursodiol, has limited efficacy for the reduction of direct bilirubin in neonates and young infants with cholestasis. Given new data regarding the potential neurotoxicity of phenobarbital in the developing brain, providers may choose to avoid phenobarbital in the treatment of cholestasis in infants.

Genetic Variation in CRHR1 is Associated with Short-Term Respiratory Response to Corticosteroids in Preterm Infants at Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Abstract:

Background: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is an orphan disease and advances in prevention and treatment are lacking. The clinical efficacy of systemic corticosteroid therapy to reduce the severity of lung disease and BPD is highly variable. Our objective was to assess whether candidate SNPs in corticosteroid metabolism and response genes are associated with short-term phenotypic response to systemic corticosteroids in infants at high risk for BPD.

Methods: Pharmacogenetic analysis of data from a large randomized controlled trial (TOLSURF) in infants treated with dexamethasone or hydrocortisone using multivariate linear regression. The primary outcome was a change in respiratory severity score (RSS, mean airway pressure x FiO2) at day 7 of corticosteroid treatment.

Results: rs7225082 in the intron of CRHR1 is significantly associated with the magnitude of decrease in RSS 7 days after starting treatment with systemic corticosteroid (meta-analysis P = 2.8 × 10^-4). Each T allele at rs7225082 is associated with a smaller absolute change in RSS at day 7, i.e., less response to systemic corticosteroids.

Conclusions: Genetic variability is associated with corticosteroid responsiveness with regard to respiratory status in preterm infants. Identification of genetic markers of corticosteroid responsiveness may allow for therapeutic individualization, with the goal of optimizing the risk-to-benefit ratio for an individual child.

Timing of Postnatal Corticosteroid Treatment for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Its Effect on Outcomes

Abstract:

Correction: Genetic Variation in CRHR1 is Associated with Short-Term Respiratory Response to Corticosteroids in Preterm Infants at Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Abstract:

In the original version of this article, the Supplementary Information file contained incorrect reference numbers. ‘Supplemental Table S1’ has now been replaced with the corrected version, in which the correct reference numbers are cited. The authors would like to apologise for this error.

Pharmacometabolomics of Respiratory Phenotypic Response to Dexamethasone in Preterm Infants at Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Abstract:

A prospective cohort study was performed in preterm infants less than 32 weeks gestation at birth who were treated with dexamethasone for developing or established bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Respiratory phenotype (Respiratory Severity Score (RSS)), serum, and urine metabolomics were assessed before and after treatment. Ten infants provided nine matched serum and nine matched urine samples. There was a significant decrease in RSS with steroid treatment. Serum gluconic acid had the largest median fold change (140 times decreased, P = 0.008). In metabolite set enrichment analysis, in both serum and urine, the urea cycle, ammonia recycling, and malate-aspartate shuttle pathways were most significantly enriched when comparing pretreatment and post-treatment (P value < 0.05). In regression analyses, 6 serum and 28 urine metabolites were significantly associated with change in RSS. Urine gluconic acid lactone was the most significantly correlated with clinical response (correlational coefficient 0.915). Pharmacometabolomic discovery of drug response biomarkers in preterm infants may allow precision therapeutics in BPD treatment.